Hardpan

A hardpan refers to a compact and impermeable layer of soil that is typically located beneath the uppermost layer of topsoil. It is characterized by its dense and resistant nature, making it challenging to dig or till the soil and limiting water infiltration and root growth. The thickness and depth of hardpans can vary, and they can occur naturally due to the fusion and binding of soil particles by deposits like silica, or they can be man-made as a result of chronic soil compaction caused by activities such as frequent ploughing, heavy traffic, or pollution.

Synonyms- Soil Layer