Spine gourd (Momordica dioica) belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae, is a nutritionally rich and medicinally important vegetable that remains largely unutilized because of a lack of information. It has good scope for cultivation in different regions of India, apart from earning good income for farmers, fulfilling food security, and nutritional well-being. It has medicinal values besides providing adaptability for diverse agro-climatic conditions, making it a promising crop for the tropics and subtropics.
Important Varieties of Spine Gourd
Improved spine gourd varieties were developed by researchers that provide specific agro-climatic regions with better productivity and profitability. It has more yield and tolerance to diseases and is well suitable for commercial cultivation. These are:
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Indira Kankoda 1 (2007/CVRC): Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are recommended for this variety yielding 30–35 q/ha.
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Indira Kankoda 2 (2020/CVRC): It is suitable for Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra with a higher yield potential of 35–45 q/ha.
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Chhattisgarh Kankoda-2 (2019/SVRC): This variety has been developed particularly for Chhattisgarh which yields 30–32 q/ha.
Regional Adaptation
Spine gourd grows well in regions that have hot, moist climates because it is specifically suited to warm, subtropical climates. West Bengal, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka have all cultivated this crop heavily. It is also a common staple in tribal cuisine and occurs wild in the woodlands of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Jharkhand. It has been grown successfully in the neighboring countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
With the potential to grow on different kinds of soils and climates, the crop makes it ideal for marginal uplands, thereby assuring food and economic security to smallholder farmers in such areas.
Importance of Spine Gourd:
This crop is an excellent source of income to farmers with limited resources, and also those based in upland and tribal regions. In terms of its richness in protein, iron, calcium, and β-carotene, spine gourd is a great addition to diets for fighting malnutrition. Its therapeutic qualities, in controlling blood pressure and diabetes, increase demand for it. The market potential of the crop is further increased by its long shelf life and resistance to transportation.
Health Benefits of Spine Gourd:
The spine gourd is rich in antioxidants, β-carotene, vitamin C, and minerals like potassium and phosphorus. This enhances digestion, boosts immunity, and thus the general health of the person. Traditionally its tubers are used for headaches and diarrhoea and also for kidney stone diseases. The seeds are known to be used for respiratory problems, and the leaves are said to reduce fever. Its medicinal value accounts for its wide use in many indigenous healthcare practices.
Propagation and Nutrient Management
Spine gourd is primarily propagated through tubers or stem cuttings, as vegetative propagation ensures uniform plant growth. For the best pollination and fruit set, the male-to-female plant ratio of 8:1 is essential. Balanced NPK fertilizers and organic fertilizers, such as farmyard manure (15–20 t/ha), are crucial for wholesome growth and increased yields.
Irrigation
Crops require immediate irrigation upon planting and need-based irrigation during dry spells. Excess rain during the monsoon has to be drained so that waterlogging does not significantly affect the tubers and the vines.
Pest and Disease Management
Spine gourd is susceptible to fruit flies and Epilachna beetles and diseases such as powdery mildew and mosaic virus. These can be controlled through integrated pest management practices such as neem cake, biological controls, and periodic sprays of chemicals. Moisture checking and consequent timely interventions can largely reduce crop losses.
Harvesting and Uses
Fruits are mostly ready for harvest 40–70 days after sowing, depending on the type of propagation. Fruits are picked young and tender for fresh consumption. Mature fruits are harvested for seed production purposes. Due to its mild and sweet flavor, spine gourd is an exceptionally versatile vegetable in culinary applications that ranges from curries to pickles.
Market Price and Economic Potential
There is increasing interest in spine gourds in terms of high market value and high demand by health-conscious consumers. The seasonal market price fetched varies between Rs. 40-60/kg.* Rising awareness concerning its nutritional and medicinal values might encourage greater demand, thus increasing returns to the farmer. It can be transported long distances without damage, making it attractive for export markets and enhancing its economic potential.
*(Price will vary with season, region, and availability)
Spine gourd is an underutilized crop which is highly nutritious and medicinal. It might bring a radical change in the livelihood of local populations, especially those tribals and upland folks. The potential would be ensured as long as the right application of scientific cultivation takes place along with the diffusion of information related to benefits. This crop will soon occupy an important space both in local as well as global markets. The climate and soil tolerance of this crop make it a prime candidate for expansion in tropical agriculture, promising improved health, increased income, and greater food security for the farmers.
